Introduction

The enterprise software landscape is undergoing a fundamental transformation as agentic artificial intelligence moves from theoretical promise to practical deployment. Unlike traditional AI systems that require constant human prompting, agentic AI operates with autonomy, perceiving business conditions, making decisions, and executing multi-step processes independently. However, not all enterprise systems are equally prepared for this shift. The platforms most suited to agentic AI share critical characteristics that enable autonomous agents to thrive within organizational boundaries while maintaining governance, security, and compliance.

Example Systems:

Customer Resource Management and Customer Service Platforms

Salesforce has emerged as the frontrunner in agentic CRM through its comprehensive Agentforce platform, which extends beyond the capabilities of its earlier Einstein AI assistant. The platform features autonomous agents capable of handling complex customer service inquiries, sales qualification, and resolution processes without human intervention. These agents leverage Salesforce’s extensive CRM data to provide contextually aware responses and can seamlessly escalate to human agents when necessary. The system’s Einstein Service Agent operates around the clock, communicating in natural language across self-service portals and messaging channels while grounding its responses in trusted business data from the Salesforce platform and integrated systems like SharePoint, Confluence, and Google Drive. What distinguishes Salesforce’s approach is the Atlas Reasoning Engine and Data Cloud integration, which enables agents to grasp context from both structured and unstructured data sources, including PDFs, call transcripts, and customer-uploaded images. The Agent Builder provides extensive customization options, allowing businesses to design agents with unique skills or integrate pre-built actions from a partner network, offering flexibility that Einstein AI assistants cannot match. Microsoft Dynamics 365 represents another strong contender through its agentic AI integration across sales, service, finance, and operations modules. The platform supports autonomous agents that can qualify leads, manage supplier communications, reconcile financial records, and handle case management operations. Microsoft’s approach leverages the Model Context Protocol to enable agents to share context across the entire business ecosystem, creating interconnected autonomous workflows that span the comprehensive Microsoft technology stack. This cross-solution orchestration allows a single AI assistant to pull data from Teams chats, SharePoint documents, and Dynamics 365 records—a capability difficult for rivals to match. Oracle’s Fusion Cloud Applications Suite has introduced role-based AI agents for marketing, sales, service, and finance operations, with over 50 agents deployed across business functions as of recent releases. Oracle’s agents benefit from access to data across the entire enterprise ecosystem, not just CRM systems, enabling more comprehensive decision-making and process optimization. The platform’s comprehensive AI agent ecosystem extends to specialized functions like contract analysis, product recommendations, escalation prediction, and work order management, demonstrating how agentic AI can be tailored to specific business functions while maintaining integration with broader enterprise workflows.

IT Service Management Platforms

ServiceNow represents perhaps the most advanced implementation of agentic AI in enterprise operations through its AI Agent Studio and comprehensive multi-agent orchestration platform. The platform enables autonomous agents to handle IT incidents, change management, security operations, and network troubleshooting. ServiceNow’s agents can automatically detect issues, generate implementation plans, and resolve problems before they impact business operations. The platform’s Workflow Data Fabric allows AI agents to operate across different systems and data sources, making it exceptionally suited for complex enterprise environments. ServiceNow’s AI Agent Studio empowers both technical and non-technical users to create AI agents capable of decision-making, task execution, and workflow automation using drag-and-drop interfaces, prompt engineering, and pre-built templates. The AI Agent Orchestrator enables better communication and centralized coordination, easing information sharing and complex workflow management between agents. ServiceNow’s recent enhancements include thousands of pre-built AI agents targeting IT, customer service, HR, and other workflows, allowing organizations to deploy these agents quickly. The platform provides built-in governance through audit trails, access controls, and monitoring to ensure agents operate safely, ethically, and in alignment with corporate policies. This combination of capabilities allows enterprises to move from isolated AI experiments to scalable, intelligent operations​

Enterprise Resource Planning Systems

The major ERP vendors have all recognized the strategic importance of agentic AI, but their approaches differ significantly in implementation and maturity.

• SAP has introduced Joule AI agents embedded across its ERP landscape, focusing on autonomous assessment processing and strategic planning capabilities that free teams to focus on high-value automation opportunities. SAP’s approach emphasizes using anonymized customer data within its Responsible AI guidelines to build models, though it does not publicly release the volume of data used and offers customers the option to opt out.
• Oracle Fusion Cloud ERP has embedded over 50 Oracle AI agents into its Fusion Cloud ERP, supply chain management, human capital management, and customer experience applications. Powered by Oracle Cloud Infrastructure GenAI, these agents combine large language models with retrieval-augmented generation to ensure responses are accurate and secure. Oracle’s agents can generate anomaly explanations, variance narratives, and predictive forecast drivers; draft project reports and plans by mining historical data; auto-generate product descriptions and negotiation summaries; and provide personalized job fit explanations.
• Microsoft Dynamics 365 integrates Copilot across Dynamics ERP and CRM, with Copilot agents operating in human-in-the-loop or autonomous modes powered by Azure OpenAI. The Supplier Communication Agent autonomously emails vendors, parses replies, and updates ERP orders, while AI highlights anomalies in demand planning and rescheduling.
• Workday has introduced Workday Illuminate, an AI platform designed to enhance enterprise productivity across HR, finance, and operations by leveraging what the company describes as the largest, cleanest HR and finance dataset. As per its investors report, Workday Illuminate is trained on more than 800 billion business transactions processed annually by the platform. A key differentiator is the Agent System of Records, a centralized system for managing an organization’s entire fleet of AI agents, including both Workday’s own agents and third-party agents—something designed specifically for AI agent governance
• Infor and IFS Cloud are also leveraging agentic AI in asset-intensive industries, with IFS allowing companies to design, deploy, and monitor multiple agents through orchestration platforms. These AI agents can schedule technicians, optimize routes, communicate with customers, replenish inventory, adjust production, predict failures, source spare parts, and trigger repairs.

Case Management and Business Process Management Systems

Case management systems handling complex, unstructured processes across healthcare, logistics, social services, and financial compliance are particularly well-suited to agentic AI. Unlike traditional automation logic that relies on predefined rules, agentic AI systems in case management can act autonomously with intent, make decisions, and execute tasks to achieve specific goals with minimal human intervention. The digital transformation of case management through agentic AI addresses the fundamental challenge of managing cases that are inherently difficult to plan, where steps cannot be anticipated, and processes are less structured. Recent surveys indicate that AI-driven workflows can boost task accuracy by over 41 percent compared to traditional methods, demonstrating the substantial impact of agentic workflow automation on operational efficiency. Traditional business process management platforms must evolve to align with agentic AI, according to emerging research. BPM practitioners expect agentic AI to enhance efficiency, improve data quality, ensure better compliance, and boost scalability through automation. Rather than replacing BPM, agentic AI is positioning BPM as the governance layer for autonomous software agents. Emerging best practices show organizations using BPMN to constrain and orchestrate what agents can do, making outcomes auditable and compliant. The shift is from rigid, predefined workflows to adaptive, agent-aware processes that are composable, observable, and secure by design. While traditional BPM focused on automating human tasks around systems of record, agentic AI extends orchestration to include event monitoring, intelligent routing, and iterative follow-ups.

An AI agent might monitor a customer service dashboard, detect a backlog, open a case in a CRM system, collect relevant context, and alert a human supervisor – all without a predefined script

Human Resources Information Systems

Agentic AI in HR enables autonomous systems that can plan and execute multi-step workflows, learn from interactions, make decisions with minimal oversight, and adapt to changing conditions. These capabilities transform how HR teams handle talent acquisition, employee development, performance management, HR operations, and employee experience In workforce planning scenarios, agentic systems continuously pull data from HRIS, finance, and operations tools to maintain real-time models of workforce supply and demand. If attrition spikes in one department, an agent can adjust headcount forecasts, flag a potential pipeline gap, and propose sourcing actions. If budgets shift mid-quarter, the same agent can run scenario models that show how hiring plans or labor allocations should evolve. HR teams deploy agentic AI across operations where consistency and speed matter more than human judgment, including recruiting systems that automatically screen resumes against job requirements and schedule qualified candidates for interviews, payroll automation that processes timesheets and flags discrepancies without manual review, and benefits enrollment tools that guide employees through plan selection and automatically update carrier systems The integration of agentic AI into HR represents a fundamental transformation rather than a simple technological upgrade, combining AI’s analytical power and consistency with human HR professionals’ empathy and judgment. Organizations implementing these systems report reduced administrative costs through automation of routine tasks, improved decision quality through data-driven insights, enhanced employee experiences through personalization and responsiveness, and greater strategic impact through the liberation of HR talent from administrative burdens.

Supply Chain Management Systems

Agentic AI is supercharging supply chain automation, accelerating process efficiency faster than humanly possible. At the core of agentic supply chain AI are large language models and fit-for-purpose small language models specific to integrated planning, global trade management, supplier contract negotiation, or dynamic logistics. For the first time, maturity in agentic AI technology enables supply chain organizations to build comprehensive agentic AI operating models configured to meet the dynamic, data-driven, and complex requirements of supply chain operations. Agentic AI operating models proactively respond to disruptions, make forecasts more accurately, and provide greater visibility across supply chain ecosystems. Autonomous agents working within agentic AI operating models can perform core supply chain assignments such as adapting to changing market conditions, rerouting shipments, negotiating with suppliers, and mitigating risks in real time – all without depending on people to make decisions or manually intervene. Initial analysis into agentic AI deployment points to strong usage on tasks related to dynamic sourcing in procurement workflows based on market demand and supplier capability. In supply chain environments, agentic AI operating models analyze current conditions and external factors integrating demand prediction and supply planning, optimize procurement through real-time dynamic sourcing based on changing market conditions, optimize inventory across SKUs with sensor and location tracking, and predict yields while analyzing resources, assets, and environmental factors when optimizing production.

Information Intelligence Systems

Agentic AI in document management represents a shift from passive storage and retrieval to active information intelligence. Organizations handling large volumes of paperwork benefit from consistent, compliant document handling; automatic file naming, tagging, and routing; real-time error checking and version control; and faster approvals and audit trails – all happening without human bottlenecks. Agentic AI systems in document management can proactively identify and categorize documents, extract key information without explicit instructions, learn from user behavior to anticipate needs, make recommendations based on document content, and continuously improve performance through feedback. According to Gartner, organizations that deploy document automation solutions can reduce their document processing time by up to 80 percent and cut operational costs by 30 percent, with agentic AI pushing these numbers even higher by reducing the need for human verification and handling exceptions autonomously.

Real-world implementations demonstrate the impact: a global law firm implemented agentic AI for contract review and due diligence, achieving a 60 percent reduction in review time and a 45 percent increase in accuracy compared to manual review. A healthcare provider deployed agentic AI to manage patient records and clinical documentation, reducing administrative burden by 35 percent and improving compliance with documentation requirements by 40 percent.

Integration Platforms

The successful deployment of agentic AI across enterprise systems requires robust integration capabilities, making Integration Platform as a Service solutions and API management platforms critical infrastructure.

Combining agentic AI with iPaaS tools can transform integration from a static, rule-based chore into an adaptive, scalable process. iPaaS provides connectivity and orchestration, while agentic AI provides decisioning and autonomy – creating a hybrid that is greater than the sum of its parts. In finance and procurement scenarios, iPaaS moves invoice data from accounts payable systems to ERP and alerts approval workflows, while agents can detect discrepancies, suggest resolutions, or auto-negotiate terms with vendor portals, significantly reducing human bottlenecks. Agentic API management combines autonomous AI agents with traditional API infrastructure to create self-governing systems that make decisions, execute actions, and learn from outcomes without human intervention. These systems move from passive conduits to intelligent systems that autonomously handle versioning, security, performance tuning, and error resolution. Self-configuring endpoints analyze incoming traffic patterns and adjust rate limits, timeouts, and routing rules automatically, monitoring resource usage and shifting computing power to handle demand spikes without manual intervention. Organizations implementing agentic API management report faster response times and less downtime because systems add resources automatically and fix problems without waiting for people. Security benefits include autonomous threat detection, automatic patch installation, and blocking of new threats as they emerge, cutting response time from hours to minutes.

Low-Code and No-Code Platforms

Low-code platforms are revolutionizing how organizations adopt AI, enabling rapid rollout of agentic AI workflows without heavy coding investments.

These platforms use visual development interfaces, drag-and-drop modules, and minimal custom scripts to build sophisticated applications, removing much of the complexity of software development. Microsoft Power Platform, n8n, and Appian integrate seamlessly with existing CRM, HR, or supply chain systems, making it easier to bring AI-driven workflows into day-to-day operations. N8n, originally known for connecting APIs and automating workflows, now supports AI nodes and agentic logic, enabling teams to design intelligent, context-aware automations without coding expertise. Microsoft Copilot Studio enables organizations to build and customize AI agents with low-code tools, leveraging the extensive Microsoft ecosystem. Platforms like Zapier Agents, Botpress with Autonomous Nodes, FlowiseAI for visual LLM workflow building, and Retool AI Agents for embedding agentic logic into internal tools are democratizing access to agentic AI capabilities. The convergence of low-code platforms with agentic AI capabilities suggests that the future may include more democratized approaches to agent development, though the current market leaders in traditional enterprise platforms have established significant advantages through their deep process knowledge, comprehensive data management capabilities, and mature integration ecosystems

Critical Characteristics for Agentic AI Suitability

Enterprise systems most suited to agentic AI share several critical characteristics regardless of their functional domain. They must provide comprehensive data integration capabilities, allowing agents to access and reason about information from across the business ecosystem. Workflow orchestration features enable agents to coordinate complex multi-step processes and collaborate with other agents or human workers. Security and governance frameworks ensure that autonomous agents operate within appropriate boundaries and maintain compliance with enterprise policies. These systems require contextual awareness capabilities, enabling agents to understand business processes, customer relationships, and operational constraints. Integration flexibility allows agents to connect with external systems and data sources, while scalability ensures that agent networks can grow with organizational needs. The most successful implementations demonstrate that agentic AI thrives in environments with rich process knowledge, comprehensive data access, and established workflow patterns. Organizations already invested in these platforms can leverage their existing data and process investments to deploy autonomous agents more effectively than those requiring significant infrastructure changes. As enterprises progress toward agentic operations, the focus extends beyond individual platform capabilities to encompass multi-agent ecosystems where specialized agents operate in concert across enterprise functions. This requires not just capable platforms but also architectural patterns that balance cutting-edge capabilities with organizational realities including governance requirements, audit trails, security protocols, and ethical accountability.

The platforms that enable this balance – combining autonomy with transparency, intelligence with control, and innovation with compliance – will define the next generation of enterprise software.

References:

Introduction

Low-code enterprise systems are being adopted by an increasingly diverse spectrum of managers across organizations, reflecting a fundamental shift in how business applications are conceptualized, built, and deployed. This adoption cuts across functional departments, organizational hierarchies, and technical skill levels, creating a new landscape where traditional boundaries between business and technology are being redrawn.

Types of Managers

Business Technologists

Business technologists represent perhaps the most prominent category of managers adopting low-code platforms. These professionals occupy a unique position within modern enterprises, understanding both business processes and technology capabilities while functioning as essential bridges between business requirements and technical implementation. According to Gartner’s predictions, business technologists are expected to comprise 80% of low-code development users by 2026, up from 60% in 2021. These managers typically operate outside traditional IT departments yet maintain awareness of enterprise-wide architectural concerns, using low-code platforms to enable rapid experimentation and deployment without sacrificing governance, security, or integration capabilities. The strategic importance of business technologists stems from their ability to compress development timelines, democratize technology creation, embed governance into development workflows, and maintain the integration and scalability requirements that enterprises demand. They leverage low-code platforms as essential strategic tools for achieving digital transformation while maintaining organizational agility.

Chief Information Officers

CIOs have emerged as primary champions of low-code adoption, with 86% now considering these platforms a critical part of their technology strategy according to Kissflow’s 2025 CIO Low-Code Strategy Pulse Report. This widespread adoption among IT leadership reflects recognition that the traditional, IT-only model for application development can no longer keep pace with business demands. CIOs are turning to low-code platforms to accelerate application delivery, reduce costs, and address mounting IT backlogs while facing talent shortages. For IT leaders, low-code adoption is driven by several compelling factors including executive pressure (27%), overwhelming application backlogs (26%), and the need to modernize legacy systems. These executives measure success primarily through reduced development costs (57% of CIOs cite this metric), while prioritizing AI capabilities as the most important differentiator when selecting platforms. Primary use cases among CIOs include developing internal tools such as workflows and approvals (71%), legacy system modernization (48%), and expanding ERP or CRM functionality (45%)

Enterprise Architects

Enterprise architects play a pivotal role in low-code adoption, responsible for conceptualizing standardized processes that help align business IT infrastructure with digital operations and strategic business goals.

Their involvement has evolved from technical oversight to providing high-level strategic guidance, developing architectural frameworks that guide platform use across organizations. These professionals focus on creating policies ensuring that applications built with low-code tools align with the company’s overall IT strategy, data governance policies, and security requirements. According to research from KPMG, 91% of companies assign responsibility for low-code guidelines to IT department managers, with 90% of these managers prioritizing scalability, comprehensive developer tools, and security when choosing platforms. Enterprise architects emphasize integration and interoperability, placing greater focus on designing comprehensive integration architectures that handle the diversity of applications being created. Their strategic concerns include platform selection, ecosystem management, governance and quality assurance, and ensuring applications can perform at enterprise scale.

Operations Managers Across Departments

Operations managers represent the largest group of departmental leaders adopting low-code platforms, with 33% of citizen development occurring in operations departments. These managers face inefficiencies that translate directly into lost time, delayed decision-making, and missed revenue opportunities, making low-code platforms transformative solutions to operational challenges. Operations managers use these platforms to automate repetitive operational steps, break down system silos through integration, and build highly customized tools that match exact operational processes Low-code platforms enable operations managers to consolidate multiple operational tools into single applications with built-in automation capabilities, facilitating seamless scaling while boosting team productivity. Field operations managers particularly benefit from low-code adoption, using these platforms to create custom apps for field teams without massive IT builds, enabling direct process creation from the field.

The agility provided by low-code allows operations teams to test new approaches, iterate based on real-world results, and continuously optimize workflows without being locked into rigid systems.

Finance and HR Department Managers

Finance managers are increasingly adopting low-code platforms, representing 25% of citizen development activity. Financial institutions are using these platforms to accelerate digital transformation and meet evolving market demands, with adoption increasing by 40% in 2023. Finance managers leverage low-code to create and modify loan application processes, build custom portfolio analysis tools, automate workflows for client onboarding and KYC processes, and create dynamic dashboards providing real-time insights into market trends and operational metrics. The main benefits for finance leaders include reduced development time (up to 70% faster), greater agility to adapt to market changes, improved operational efficiency, and the ability to innovate rapidly

HR managers account for 23% of citizen development, using low-code platforms to handle numerous employee management tasks including performance management, talent management, benefits administration, absence management, and applicant tracking. These platforms enable HR departments to develop apps for recruiting, hiring processes, training, payroll, requests for paid time off, and vacation requests. Implementation of low-code technology in HR brings faster software delivery, increased productivity, enhanced accessibility for non-technical HR teams, improved collaboration between IT and HR, and scalable solutions that can be swiftly deployed or enhanced in response to evolving business requirements.

Product Managers

Product managers are leveraging low-code platforms to take a more hands-on role in building internal tools and product features, enabling more direct translation of product vision into tangible outputs. These platforms turn the “idea to working agent” process into a fast, low-risk loop that product managers can execute without waiting on engineering sprints. For product managers, low-code provides faster prototyping (launching agents in days rather than weeks), lower engineering dependency, better iteration with built-in evaluation tools, and proven ROI with 70% of enterprises reporting faster time-to-value; Product managers use low-code to quickly build and iterate on product ideas, accelerating the validation process and enabling rapid prototyping. This capability allows PMs to test concepts, gather feedback, and make informed decisions much faster than traditional development processes permit. The empowerment of product managers through low-code represents a fundamental shift in their role, expanding their capabilities beyond requirements gathering and strategic planning to actual hands-on building.

C-Suite Executives and Strategic Sponsors

Low-code adoption has become a top-down decision, with entire C-suites advocating for these technologies. According to research from Mendix, 75% of C-suite view low-code as core to business strategy, with almost half of organizations stating the COO (48%) and CEO (47%) are heavily involved in decision-making surrounding low-code adoption. Executive sponsorship proves crucial for driving adoption across organizations, as leadership support signals commitment and helps overcome resistance to change. COOs and CEOs are involved because low-code is having organizational impact through digital transformation (53% of respondents rank this as their leading use case), improving legacy processes (44%), and reducing operational costs (45%). Upper management support for strategic investments into technologies reached 68% agreement among respondents, highlighting enthusiasm for digital transformation initiatives at the highest organizational levels.

Citizen Developers

While not traditionally considered “managers,” citizen developers represent a crucial adoption category that often includes managers and supervisors across departments. These are employees without formal coding backgrounds who work alongside IT teams to address the growing demand for applications. Research indicates that 41% of non-IT employees are already building or customizing technology solutions, with 39% of firms currently using low-code development to empower developers outside of IT. Citizen developers typically include field supervisors, technicians, operations leads, business analysts, and department managers who use drag-and-drop workflows and real-time tools to drive innovation. By 2025, citizen developers are expected to outnumber professional developers by 4 to 1, with 80% of companies believing that citizen developers have provided their IT personnel with more flexibility and capacity. The adoption of low-code enterprise systems spans an extraordinarily broad spectrum of managerial roles, united not by their position in organizational hierarchies but by their need to solve business problems quickly, their proximity to operational challenges, and their desire to innovate without being constrained by traditional development cycles. This democratization of technology creation represents a fundamental transformation in how enterprises approach application development, moving from centralized IT-driven models to distributed, business-led innovation supported by appropriate governance frameworks. The managers adopting these systems share common characteristics including willingness to learn new technical approaches, frustration with IT backlogs and slow traditional development, deep understanding of their domain-specific business processes, and recognition that speed and agility have become competitive necessities in rapidly evolving markets.

References:

Introduction

The democratization of software development through low-code and no-code platforms has fundamentally transformed how organizations manage customer relationships. Citizen developers – non-technical professionals empowered to build applications through visual, accessible interfaces – have emerged as key players in this transformation, particularly in creating and customizing customer resource management systems. Understanding how to leverage these platforms effectively represents a critical skill for modern business technologists.

Understanding Citizen Development and CRM

Citizen development represents a paradigm shift in how organizations approach digital solutions. Rather than waiting months for IT departments to develop customized features, citizen developers can rapidly prototype, deploy, and iterate on solutions that address specific business problems. In the context of customer resource management, this democratization enables sales managers, customer service teams, and operations professionals to build tailored CRM solutions that precisely fit their operational workflows without requiring professional developer involvement. The traditional CRM landscape has long presented challenges for organizations seeking flexibility without complexity. Enterprise CRM platforms like Salesforce offer comprehensive functionality but require significant customization efforts and external consulting to adapt to unique business processes. Low-code CRM platforms bridge this gap by providing drag-and-drop functionality for creating custom contact fields, automated workflows for lead management, and pre-built components for sales pipelines and customer support workflows. This approach transforms CRM from a rigid system imposed upon business processes into a flexible tool that evolves alongside organizational needs.

The Core Value Proposition for Business Users

For citizen developers, building custom CRM solutions delivers several strategic advantages over off-the-shelf systems. The first advantage is rapid deployment. Traditional CRM implementations can consume months of development cycles, whereas low-code platforms compress this timeline to weeks or even days. A sales manager can identify a specific gap in their current CRM – such as the need to track customer gifts during sales cycles or manage complex multi-stage deals – and develop a targeted solution without waiting for IT intervention. This acceleration fundamentally changes an organization’s ability to respond to market changes and adapt to evolving customer needs. The second advantage is customization depth that matches organizational reality. Every organization manages its customer relationships differently, yet commercial CRM systems force companies to adapt their processes to the software’s predetermined logic. Citizen developers using low-code platforms can build pipelines that reflect actual sales processes, create custom data fields that capture industry-specific information, and implement workflow automation rules that match their organization’s unique decision-making patterns. This tailored approach ensures that the CRM system becomes an extension of how teams actually work, rather than imposing artificial constraints on business operations. Cost efficiency represents a third significant advantage. Low-code CRM development eliminates the need for expensive external IT consulting and reduces the overall development effort required to implement and customize systems. Organizations can redirect resources spent on traditional CRM customization toward strategic initiatives and business development rather than paying premium rates for professional developers to implement relatively straightforward business logic

Essential CRM Capabilities for Citizen Developers

Building an effective customer resource management system requires citizen developers to understand the fundamental building blocks that comprise modern CRM functionality.

• Contact management serves as the foundational capability, providing a centralized repository where all customer and prospect information is stored, organized, and easily retrieved by authorized team members. Effective contact management in low-code systems typically includes custom fields for industry-specific data, contact segmentation capabilities that enable dynamic grouping based on attributes or behaviors, and communication history logging that automatically captures emails, calls, and meetings associated with each contact
• Sales pipeline management represents the second critical capability. A well-designed pipeline visualizes the customer journey by establishing distinct deal stages – from initial prospect contact through proposal, negotiation, and close – and tracks how each opportunity moves through these stages. Low-code platforms enable citizen developers to create multiple pipelines for different deal types, automate the routing of opportunities based on predefined rules, and provide visibility across the entire pipeline through intuitive dashboards that show deal progression and pipeline health.
• Lead management and routing automation constitutes the third essential capability. As leads enter the system from various sources – website forms, email inquiries, phone calls, social media, or marketing campaigns – automated workflows can immediately assess lead characteristics and route them to the most appropriate sales representative based on territory, skill set, or current workload. This automation ensures that high-quality leads reach the right person quickly, significantly improving conversion rates and reducing the likelihood of leads falling through organizational cracks
• Task and reminder automation represents a fourth critical element. Citizens developers can build automated workflows that trigger follow-up reminders, task assignments, and escalation notifications based on time elapsed since last contact, deal stage transitions, or other business triggers. This automation maintains consistent communication cadence, ensures timely follow-ups, and prevents the organizational phenomenon where promising leads cool off due to forgotten or delayed contact attempts.
• Communication tracking and integrated messaging capabilities enable citizen developers to create systems where all customer interactions – emails, calls, notes, and meetings – are automatically logged and associated with the appropriate customer record. This comprehensive interaction history provides every team member immediate access to the complete engagement context, enabling more informed and personalized customer communications

Building Workflows That Drive Business Results

Citizen developers with CRM experience recognize that workflow automation represents the bridge between data capture and business outcomes.

Beyond simple lead routing and reminder notifications, sophisticated workflows can orchestrate complex business processes that involve multiple systems and teams. A citizen developer can build a workflow that automatically generates invoices from approved purchase orders, sends customer confirmation emails, creates internal task assignments for fulfillment teams, and logs the entire sequence back into the CRM for customer visibility – all without writing traditional code. Customer support automation provides another powerful use case. A citizen developer can create a workflow that accepts customer inquiries through multiple channels (email, web forms, chat), automatically categorizes them based on content analysis, assigns them to appropriate support specialists based on expertise and workload, provides customers with automated acknowledgments and status updates, and escalates unresolved issues after specified timeframes. These automated support systems significantly improve response times while freeing support staff to focus on complex issues requiring human judgment. Client onboarding workflows demonstrate how citizen developers can apply CRM systems beyond traditional sales contexts. By combining document management, data collection, task automation, and communication features, citizen developers can create onboarding experiences that automatically send welcome packages, collect required documentation through integrated forms, trigger background checks or verification processes, create team access accounts, and maintain clear visibility of onboarding progress. This automated orchestration dramatically reduces onboarding time while ensuring consistent processes that incorporate best practices.

Governance and Security Considerations

As citizen developers expand their role in building business-critical systems, governance becomes not an obstruction but rather an essential enabler of sustainable growth. Organizations that establish robust governance frameworks – including clear approval processes, data access protocols, and security standards – create environments where citizen developers can innovate rapidly and safely within defined boundaries. A governance structure begins with establishing a Center of Excellence (CoE), which functions as an enabler rather than a bureaucratic obstacle. The CoE provides reusable components such as standardized data models, pre-built workflow templates, connector libraries, and authentication modules that citizen developers can leverage rather than rebuilding from scratch. This approach simultaneously accelerates development and ensures consistency across applications. The CoE also maintains documentation of best practices, conducts regular training sessions on security and compliance requirements, and conducts architecture reviews that help identify potential issues before they become production problems. Data security represents a paramount concern when empowering citizen developers to build systems managing sensitive customer information. Non-technical users may lack complete understanding of data security best practices, potentially leading to unintended data exposure. Organizations must implement role-based access control (RBAC) that restricts user access based on clearly defined job functions, ensuring that team members access only the customer data necessary for their specific roles. A customer service representative may need access to customer contact information and order history, while a financial analyst might need access only to customer payment status without seeing contact information. Data encryption both at rest and in transit represents another essential security measure. Modern low-code CRM platforms typically provide encryption capabilities by default, but citizen developers must understand configuration options and ensure appropriate encryption levels for their use cases. Similarly, secure API management prevents unauthorized access to customer data through integration points, and multi-factor authentication adds an additional layer of protection against unauthorized access. Organizations should mandate regular security reviews and audits of applications built by citizen developers, particularly those accessing sensitive data or managing critical business processes. This periodic assessment identifies potential vulnerabilities, ensures compliance with relevant regulations (such as GDPR or industry-specific standards), and enables proactive remediation before issues escalate.

Collaboration between citizen developers and IT departments during these reviews ensures that business context informs security decisions while technical expertise guides implementation.

Selecting the Right Platform

The choice of low-code platform profoundly impacts citizen developers’ ability to build effective CRM solutions.

Key evaluation criteria include the platform’s ability to integrate seamlessly with existing systems through APIs and webhooks, allowing data flow between the CRM and accounting systems, ERP platforms, marketing automation tools, and other business applications. A platform lacking robust integration capabilities forces citizen developers to manually move data between systems, introducing errors and inefficiency. Scalability represents another critical consideration. As organizations grow, their CRM systems must accommodate increasing customer data volumes, support additional users, and execute more complex workflows without degradation in performance or user experience. Citizen developers should evaluate whether their chosen platform can efficiently handle projected growth without fundamental architectural redesign. User experience design directly influences adoption success. Platforms featuring intuitive drag-and-drop interfaces, logical data organization, and customizable dashboards that reflect how teams actually work enable faster development and more effective usage than technically powerful but cognitively complex alternatives. When customer service representatives and sales managers find their CRM a pleasure rather than a burden to use, adoption increases and data quality improves accordingly. The availability of comprehensive documentation, training resources, and community support affects citizen developer productivity and success rates. Platforms offering online tutorials, active user communities, responsive support channels, and regularly updated best practice guides enable citizen developers to overcome obstacles quickly and learn advanced techniques that expand solution possibilities.

Real-World Applications and Use Cases

Citizen developers have successfully applied low-code CRM platforms across diverse business scenarios. In sales organizations, citizen developers have built custom pipelines that track not only traditional deal metrics but also relationship depth, decision-maker engagement, and competitive positioning specific to their industry. These customized pipelines provide richer context than standard commercial CRM implementations, enabling more informed sales strategy discussions and more accurate forecasting. In service-based businesses, citizen developers have combined CRM functionality with project management capabilities to create integrated systems that manage customer relationships while simultaneously tracking project delivery, resource allocation, and professional services profitability. These combined systems ensure that customer service remains aligned with project realities and that project constraints don’t compromise customer satisfaction. In regulated industries, citizen developers have built CRM systems incorporating compliance checkpoints, audit trails, and restricted access controls that ensure regulatory requirements are embedded into daily business processes rather than imposed as separate compliance systems. These approaches reduce compliance risk while maintaining operational efficiency. The common thread across successful implementations is that citizen developers build systems optimized for their organization’s actual business processes rather than accepting the constraints of off-the-shelf systems. This optimization translates into higher user adoption, better data quality, faster decision-making, and ultimately stronger customer relationships.

Conclusion

Customer resource management has emerged as a defining domain for citizen developers, combining accessibility with significant business impact. By enabling non-technical professionals to build CRM solutions tailored to their organizations’ unique requirements, low-code platforms democratize a capability previously restricted to professional developers and expensive consultants. When implemented with appropriate governance, security controls, and platform selection discipline, citizen-developed CRM systems deliver superior flexibility, faster time-to-value, and lower total cost of ownership compared to traditional approaches. The evolution of CRM from a rigid system imposed upon business processes to a flexible tool shaped by those who understand business requirements represents a fundamental democratization of enterprise software development, with citizen developers positioned at the center of this transformation

References:

Introduction

Digital sovereignty has transformed from an abstract regulatory concern into a defining strategic priority for organizations worldwide. As enterprises navigate geopolitical tensions, data localization requirements, and the risks of vendor lock-in, a distinct cadre of managers has emerged to champion this complex transformation. These leaders possess a unique combination of technical acumen, strategic vision, and cross-functional expertise that enables them to translate sovereignty objectives into operational reality. Understanding the types of managers who promote digital sovereignty reveals not only their individual competencies but also the organizational structures necessary to achieve technological autonomy in an interconnected world.

Types of Managers:

The Visionary Chief Executive Officer

At the apex of digital sovereignty initiatives stands the Chief Executive Officer, whose commitment determines whether sovereignty remains a compliance checkbox or becomes embedded in organizational DNA. Digital sovereignty demands CEO ownership because it intersects geopolitical realities, enterprise risk, and growth strategy simultaneously. Research demonstrates that digital initiatives with active executive sponsorship are significantly more likely to succeed, yet sovereignty requires CEOs to make uncomfortable decisions about cost, vendor relationships, and technological dependencies. Progressive CEOs recognize that sovereignty represents both defensive shield and competitive weapon. They understand that over 90 percent of Western data currently resides in infrastructure controlled by non-European providers, creating systemic vulnerability. These leaders view sovereignty not as isolation but as credible independence – the ability to operate autonomously during geopolitical shifts while maintaining access to global innovation. By treating sovereignty as a board-level strategic imperative rather than an IT responsibility, these CEOs ensure that technological choices align with long-term resilience and stakeholder trust. The CEO’s role extends beyond resource allocation to cultural transformation. They must communicate why digital autonomy matters to employees, customers, and investors, connecting technical architecture decisions to business continuity and competitive positioning. In organizations where CEOs champion sovereignty, the conversation shifts from reactive compliance to proactive value creation, positioning independence as a differentiator in markets where trust and control define competitive advantage.

The Strategic Chief Information Officer

The Chief Information Officer occupies the critical juncture between business strategy and technical implementation in sovereignty initiatives.

CIOs can no longer afford to ignore digital sovereignty, as it directly impacts their ability to manage risk, ensure operational continuity, and maintain market access. These leaders must balance competing demands for cloud adoption, cost optimization, and regulatory compliance while building architectures that provide genuine control rather than the illusion of it. Forward-thinking CIOs approach sovereignty through a three-dimensional framework encompassing data residency, operational control, and technical independence. They evaluate cloud providers not merely on performance metrics but on jurisdictional integrity, access governance, and the ability to enforce sovereignty in practice. This requires CIOs to embed sovereignty considerations into risk registers, business continuity planning, and executive governance frameworks, ensuring it becomes a leadership priority rather than an afterthought. The most effective CIOs recognize that sovereignty is not an all-or-nothing proposition but requires calibrated approaches based on data sensitivity and regulatory context. They implement what analysts term “minimum viable sovereignty” – focusing resources on areas where sovereignty is genuinely critical while avoiding the decision paralysis and cost inflation that accompany overengineering. By orchestrating collaboration among legal, compliance, security, and business teams, these CIOs transform sovereignty from a technical constraint into an enabling capability that supports innovation within appropriate boundaries.

The Chief Sovereignty Officer

The creation of dedicated Chief Sovereignty Officer roles signals the maturation of digital sovereignty from concept to operational discipline. T-Systems pioneered this executive position in 2025, appointing its first Chief Sovereignty Officer to develop comprehensive sovereignty strategies tailored to customer-specific, regulatory, and geopolitical requirements. This role consolidates responsibility for defining sovereignty value propositions across the entire portfolio, ensuring that sovereignty challenges are addressed systematically rather than through fragmented initiatives. Chief Sovereignty Officers function as strategic architects who translate abstract sovereignty principles into concrete organizational capabilities. They bridge regulatory frameworks, customer demands, and operational realities, developing differentiated offerings that address the growing market for sovereign solutions. Their mandate extends beyond compliance to competitive positioning, recognizing that enterprises increasingly demand sovereign cloud solutions to free themselves from hyperscaler dependence and regain control over their data. This role reflects a fundamental shift in how organizations structure accountability for digital autonomy.

Rather than distributing sovereignty responsibilities across multiple functions, Chief Sovereignty Officers create unified strategies that span security, infrastructure, vendor management, and customer engagement. They ensure that sovereignty becomes embedded in organizational processes and culture rather than remaining a technical afterthought, positioning it as both risk mitigation and market opportunity

The Chief Technology Officer

Chief Technology Officers play an essential role in establishing technical sovereignty – the foundation upon which data and operational sovereignty are built. Technical sovereignty focuses on ensuring control over digital infrastructure and software stacks without being bound by proprietary restrictions or supply chain uncertainties. CTOs who promote sovereignty prioritize open-source technologies that provide transparency, eliminate vendor lock-in, and enable organizations to customize solutions according to their specific needs. These leaders understand that avoiding over-dependence on foreign technology providers is not about isolation but about maintaining strategic options. They architect systems that operate across multi-cloud environments, using open standards and reversible architectures that preserve organizational flexibility.

By selecting technology platforms that provide visibility into source code and development practices, sovereignty-focused CTOs ensure their organizations can audit security independently and retain knowledge even as personnel transitions occur

Effective CTOs also recognize that technical sovereignty extends beyond software selection to encompass supply chain integrity. They assess whether hardware, firmware, and development tools contain dependencies that could expose organizations to geopolitical risk or surveillance. This comprehensive approach ensures that sovereignty is embedded throughout the technology stack, from logical infrastructure like applications and AI frameworks to physical infrastructure including chips, computing, and storage.

The Chief Information Security Officer

Chief Information Security Officers have emerged as critical sovereignty advocates because security and sovereignty have become inseparable in the modern threat landscape. Digital sovereignty provides the trust layer that enables organizations to adopt cloud transformation while maintaining appropriate control over sensitive workloads. CISOs who champion sovereignty recognize that their responsibilities extend beyond traditional perimeter defense to encompass jurisdictional control, access governance, and operational resilience under geopolitical uncertainty. Progressive CISOs assess sovereignty requirements by analyzing legal compliance obligations, data protection needs, business continuity vulnerabilities, and reputation management imperatives. They collaborate with board members, CIOs, CTOs, and legal teams to ground sovereignty strategies in organizational priorities, ensuring that security measures align with business objectives rather than impeding them. This cross-functional approach ensures sovereignty becomes integrated into enterprise architecture rather than bolted on as an afterthought. The most effective CISOs also understand that sovereignty encompasses operational dimensions – ensuring that critical infrastructure remains accessible and that sensitive systems are not exposed to foreign oversight or forced disclosure through extraterritorial legal demands. They implement controls that enforce data sovereignty requirements automatically through policy-as-code approaches, creating repeatable and auditable governance mechanisms that scale across complex environments.

By positioning sovereignty as both compliance necessity and competitive differentiator, these CISOs help organizations build resilience while maintaining trust with security-conscious stakeholders.

The Chief Data Officer

Chief Data Officers have become pivotal sovereignty champions because control over data represents the core dimension of digital autonomy.

Data sovereignty – the authority over data location, access, and regulatory adherence – provides the foundation for broader sovereignty objectives. CDOs who promote sovereignty develop governance frameworks that prevent data fragmentation, vendor lock-in, and loss of organizational control over critical information assets. Forward-thinking CDOs recognize that sovereignty is not merely a technology strategy but a leadership decision that reinforces trust, accountability, and foresight. They employ modern architectural patterns like data fabrics, knowledge graphs, and metadata-driven governance to unify data across enterprises while maintaining sovereignty principles. By treating data governance as a shared framework rather than top-down directives, these leaders build coalitions among business, IT, and compliance teams around common data objectives. The most successful CDOs position data sovereignty within the broader context of organizational resilience and competitive advantage. They understand that federated governance models – where data remains under local control but becomes accessible through secure, policy-driven frameworks – enable organizations to balance sovereignty requirements with the collaboration necessary for innovation. By embedding jurisdictional controls into data architecture from the outset, these leaders ensure regulatory alignment by design rather than as a reactive afterthought, reducing legal exposure and operational overhead in highly regulated environments.

Business Technologists

Business technologists represent a distinctive class of sovereignty promoters who bridge strategic business requirements and technical implementation capabilities. Unlike traditional IT professionals focused primarily on execution, business technologists understand both the strategic implications of digital sovereignty and the technical constraints that must be navigated to achieve independence from foreign technological dependencies. Their unique combination of business knowledge and technical expertise enables organizations to translate sovereignty objectives into actionable strategies while maintaining alignment throughout complex transformation processes. Research indicates that digital initiatives with active business technologist involvement are 27 percent more likely to be delivered on schedule and 31 percent more likely to stay within budget. This performance advantage stems from their ability to maintain focus on high-value functionality while managing scope and preventing the project bloat that commonly derails transformation efforts. Business technologists serve as crucial translators between sovereignty requirements and technical implementation capabilities, evaluating alternative approaches against business criteria to ensure initiatives align with strategic priorities, budget constraints, and organizational capabilities In the sovereignty context, business technologists apply their dual expertise to assess how low-code platforms, open-source solutions, and sovereign cloud architectures can deliver business value while maintaining organizational control. They understand how to apply AI capabilities within sovereignty frameworks and how to structure vendor relationships that preserve strategic flexibility. By serving as change catalysts who mobilize stakeholders and establish venues for action, business technologists accelerate the transformation journey while ensuring that sovereignty becomes embedded in business processes rather than remaining a technical abstraction.

Risk and Compliance Leadership

Risk officers and compliance leaders have evolved into essential sovereignty advocates as regulatory frameworks proliferate and geopolitical risks intensify. These managers recognize that digital sovereignty transcends compliance checklists to encompass strategic risk management, business continuity, and operational resilience. They ensure that sovereignty risks – including data residency exposure, extraterritorial legal claims, and vendor dependency vulnerabilities – are incorporated into enterprise risk registers and stress-tested through continuity planning scenarios. Progressive risk and compliance leaders help organizations navigate the complex web of regulations including GDPR, NIS2, DORA, and emerging frameworks that mandate specific sovereignty controls. They work with CISOs, CIOs, and legal teams to identify where sovereignty requirements are most critical, implementing graduated approaches that focus resources on sensitive data and regulated operations while avoiding over-investment in lower-risk areas. By quantifying sovereignty risks in business terms and presenting them to boards alongside other strategic vulnerabilities, these leaders ensure sovereignty receives appropriate executive attention and resource allocation. Compliance-focused sovereignty champions also play a crucial role in vendor management, ensuring that contracts incorporate sovereignty-specific provisions around data access, jurisdiction, operational control, and business continuity. They establish governance mechanisms that monitor compliance in near real-time, adapting quickly as regulations evolve across different jurisdictions. Their work ensures that sovereignty becomes operationalized through policies, procedures, and technical controls rather than remaining aspirational or theoretical.

The Strategic Procurement Leader

Procurement officers and vendor managers have emerged as unexpected but powerful sovereignty promoters because purchasing decisions directly shape organizational dependencies. Public procurement represents a powerful lever for steering digital technology toward greater sovereignty, with systematic inclusion of sovereignty, interoperability, and reversibility criteria transforming each purchase into a strategic act. These leaders recognize that sovereignty must be embedded in sourcing decisions from the outset rather than addressed after vendor relationships have created lock-in. Forward-thinking procurement managers implement policies that favor European or domestic digital solutions, particularly those based on open-source technologies, while facilitating SME participation and fostering competitive local ecosystems. They mandate that procurement decisions be publicly documented, including justifications for choosing proprietary software over open-source alternatives, creating transparency and accountability. By breaking large IT projects into smaller, modular components and implementing simplified bidding procedures, these leaders make it easier for sovereignty-aligned providers to compete. Vendor management leaders who champion sovereignty also conduct rigorous due diligence on supply chain integrity, evaluating whether providers’ headquarters, ownership structures, development activities, and data processing locations align with sovereignty objectives. They ensure contracts include provisions that protect organizational control even under geopolitical stress, such as commitments to contest government orders that could disrupt operations and partnerships with local entities to ensure business continuity. Through strategic supplier diversification and coordinated procurement frameworks, these leaders reduce concentration risk and preserve organizational options in volatile environments

The Cultural Architect – Change Management and Enablement Leaders

Change management specialists and organizational development leaders provide essential but often overlooked support for sovereignty initiatives. Digital sovereignty represents a fundamental transformation that requires cultural shifts, new competencies, and different ways of working. These managers understand that technology implementation without human enablement results in failed transformations, regardless of the technical solution’s quality.Effective change leaders develop comprehensive communication strategies that raise awareness of sovereignty risks and expected benefits, creating organizational understanding of why autonomy matters. They design adapted training programs according to user profiles and use cases, ensuring that employees at all levels possess the competencies necessary to operate sovereign systems effectively. By identifying and empowering internal ambassadors who promote adoption among peers, change managers accelerate acceptance and reduce resistance to new sovereignty-aligned tools and processes.

Conclusion

Digital sovereignty succeeds not through individual heroics but through orchestrated collaboration among these diverse leadership profiles. The managers who promote sovereignty most effectively recognize that autonomy requires contributions from executive vision, technical expertise, risk management, procurement discipline, ecosystem orchestration, innovation capacity, and change enablement working in concert. Organizations that distribute sovereignty responsibilities across these specialized roles while ensuring coordination through governance structures and shared objectives position themselves to navigate the complex geopolitical and regulatory landscape of the digital era. The future belongs to enterprises where sovereignty champions at all levels treat technological autonomy not as a constraint but as a strategic enabler – one that builds resilience, preserves options, maintains stakeholder trust, and creates sustainable competitive advantage in an uncertain world. By understanding and empowering the diverse types of managers who drive sovereignty initiatives, organizations transform abstract principles into operational realities that protect their digital destiny while enabling continued innovation and growth.

References: