Introduction

Artificial intelligence continues to revolutionize how businesses operate, with organizations increasingly integrating AI into their Enterprise Computing Solutions. However, despite the enthusiasm surrounding AI adoption, there are critical scenarios where AI implementation introduces more risks than benefits. This comprehensive analysis examines the specific contexts where AI should be approached with caution or avoided altogether in enterprise environments.

Critical Decision-Making with Significant Human Impact

Limitations of AI Understanding and Reasoning

AI systems operate within the constraints of their programming and lack true understanding in a human sense. Despite significant advances in Enterprise Systems, AI tools demonstrate fundamental limitations when tasked with nuanced ethical judgments or complex reasoning. When decisions significantly impact human lives – such as in healthcare diagnosis, legal proceedings, or critical financial operations – AI Application Generators and Business Enterprise Software should not be the sole decision-makers.

Transparency and Explainability Challenges

The FTC has issued warnings about AI tools having significant limitations, including design flaws and lack of transparency that make them unsuitable for high-stakes scenarios. For Enterprise System architectures handling critical operations, AI’s “black box” problem presents serious concerns, especially in regulated industries where decision explanations are legally required. When Enterprise Resource Systems cannot provide clear justification for AI-driven decisions, they create compliance and ethical vulnerabilities.

Data-Sensitive Environments with Privacy Vulnerabilities

Enterprise Information Security Risks

AI systems require vast amounts of data, creating significant security challenges for Enterprise Computing Solutions dealing with sensitive information. Without robust protection measures, AI-powered Business Software Solutions become prime targets for sophisticated cyberattacks and data breaches. This risk is particularly acute when Enterprise Products manage customer records, financial transactions, and proprietary business insights.

Unauthorized AI Adoption Concerns

Organizations face escalating security threats when employees use AI-powered applications without proper approval or oversight from the Enterprise Systems Group[14]. This shadow AI adoption bypasses established governance frameworks, potentially exposing sensitive data and creating security vulnerabilities within the Enterprise Business Architecture.

AI-Enhanced Security Threats

Attackers increasingly leverage AI to enhance the sophistication and scale of attacks against Enterprise Systems. These advanced threats include AI-powered phishing campaigns, automated malware distribution, and techniques designed to evade traditional security defenses. When security infrastructure cannot keep pace with these evolving threats, implementing additional AI systems may compound vulnerability risks.

Complex Integration with Legacy Enterprise Systems

The Reality Gap in Enterprise Computing

McKinsey reports that poor integration causes delays in 60% of AI projects, revealing a significant “reality gap” between prototype and production environments. This integration challenge represents the Achilles’ heel of AI adoption in Enterprise Computing Solutions. Every connection between AI and existing Enterprise Systems creates an exponential increase in complexity—a system interfacing with just three other systems becomes approximately eight times more complex.

Implementation Challenges for Business Enterprise Software

While 81% of large organizations have implemented or plan to implement AI within a year, many encounter significant integration difficulties with existing Business Enterprise Software. This complexity often leads to project failures, with 85% of AI initiatives failing to deliver on their promises primarily due to integration challenges and unrealistic expectations.

Bias-Sensitive Functions in Business Software Solutions

Inherited Bias in Enterprise Applications

AI models learn from historical data, inevitably inheriting biases present in that data. Without proper mitigation strategies, these biases lead to unfair or discriminatory outcomes in Enterprise System applications, particularly in sectors like finance, hiring, and healthcare. The FTC has documented examples where AI tools resulted in discrimination against protected classes of people.

Critical Impact on Decision Fairness

When Business Enterprise Software influences decisions about resource allocation, opportunity distribution, or individual assessments, inherited biases become particularly problematic. Organizations should avoid implementing AI in these scenarios unless robust bias detection and mitigation frameworks exist within the Enterprise Business Architecture.

Low-Code Platforms with Insufficient Governance

Risks of Democratized Development

The integration of AI with Low-Code Platforms has democratized application development, allowing Citizen Developers with limited technical expertise to create sophisticated AI-enhanced applications. However, without proper governance structures, these development activities can introduce significant risks to the enterprise technology ecosystem.

Oversight Requirements for Citizen Developers

When Citizen Developers lack appropriate oversight or Business Technologists cannot adequately validate AI outputs, the resulting applications may contain vulnerabilities, compliance issues, or operational flaws. Organizations should avoid implementing AI through Low-Code Platforms like Corteza Low-Code without establishing robust governance frameworks.

Mission-Critical Enterprise Resource Systems

Reliability Limitations for Critical Operations

Advanced generative AI systems struggle to maintain reliability above 80% when handling complex scenarios. This reliability threshold makes them unsuitable for mission-critical Enterprise Resource Systems that require near-perfect dependability. Organizations should avoid implementing AI in systems where failures would create catastrophic operational, financial, or safety consequences.

Downtime Risks and Business Continuity

According to Gartner research, IT downtime costs organizations an average of $5,600 per minute. AI systems that aren’t properly designed, tested, and integrated can contribute to such downtime events. Critical Enterprise Computing Solutions requiring 99.99%+ uptime should implement AI only with extensive testing and robust fallback mechanisms.

Enterprise Systems Group Projects with Unrealistic Expectations

The Demo-Reality Disconnect

Most AI demonstrations succeed precisely because they avoid real-world complexity – they’re like testing a car engine in perfect laboratory conditions rather than proving roadworthiness. This creates unrealistic expectations when Enterprise Systems Groups attempt to implement similar capabilities in production environments.

Scaling Challenges in Enterprise Environments

IDC notes that 70% of organizations implementing large-scale AI face unexpected scaling challenges, increasing maintenance costs by up to 50%. This “scale paradox” means that as AI capabilities increase, reliability often decreases—a critical concern for Enterprise Computing Solutions requiring consistent performance across varied conditions.

Enterprise Products with Inadequate Error Handling

Hidden Costs of AI Implementation

The more seamless an AI system appears, the more hidden costs emerge, including extensive error handling, fallback systems, monitoring, and validation pipelines. Without these safeguards, Enterprise Products can fail unpredictably with cascading consequences.

Agentic AI System Risks

Emerging agentic AI frameworks like those conceptualized in platforms such as Corteza provide infrastructure for AI automation agents but require robust error handling and human oversight. Organizations should avoid implementing agentic AI in Enterprise Systems without comprehensive error detection and resolution mechanisms.

Technology Transfer and Change Management Challenges

Workforce Transformation Requirements

While AI may positively impact business outcomes, organizations must consider the ethical implications of implementation, including job displacement and workforce transformation[6]. Effective technology transfer—the movement of technical skills, knowledge, and methods between individuals or organizations – is essential for successful AI adoption.

Types of Technologists and Role Evolution

Different types of technologists, including business analysts, integration specialists, data scientists, automation experts, and user experience designers, play critical roles in AI implementation. Without proper change management and skills development, AI Enterprise initiatives risk creating organizational disruption rather than transformation.

Conclusion

While AI offers tremendous potential to transform Enterprise Computing Solutions, responsible implementation requires recognizing where these technologies should not be deployed. Organizations must develop clear policies about AI limitations and establish governance frameworks that ensure appropriate use across the Enterprise Business Architecture.

As AI technologies continue to evolve, Technology Transfer processes must adapt accordingly, ensuring that Business Technologists and Citizen Developers receive adequate training and support. The Enterprise Systems Group plays a crucial role in establishing integration standards and governance frameworks that balance innovation with risk management.

Ultimately, successful AI Enterprise implementation requires strategic alignment with business objectives, thorough risk assessment, and ongoing monitoring to ensure these powerful technologies enhance rather than undermine the organization’s mission and values.

References:

[1] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/when-ai-breaks-hidden-complexity-enterprise-nabil-el-mahyaoui-ntwie
[2] https://utility.agency/resources/what-are-the-risks-of-building-enterprise-applications-using-ai
[3] https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/97845-ftc-issues-warning-on-enterprise-ai-use
[4] https://aireapps.com/articles/imagining-corteza-as-an-agentic-ai-low-code-platform/
[5] https://campustechnology.com/articles/2024/12/11/report-highlights-security-risks-of-open-source-ai.aspx
[6] https://www.strategysoftware.com/blog/exploring-the-pros-and-cons-of-enterprise-ai-solutions
[7] https://blog.centurylink.com/top-pitfalls-to-avoid-when-implementing-ai-in-the-enterprise/
[8] https://www.manageengine.com/appcreator/application-development-articles/low-code-powered-ai-risk-mitigation.html
[9] https://www.rocketsmart.io/trends/from-lab-to-market-the-ttos-guide-to-ai-powered-innovation-success
[10] https://techcrunch.com/2025/03/14/open-ai-model-licenses-often-carry-concerning-restrictions/
[11] https://www.planetcrust.com/agility-ai-low-code-enterprise-computing-solutions/
[12] https://cubettech.com/resources/blog/overcoming-ai-implementation-challenges-in-enterprise-environments/
[13] https://www.trigyn.com/insights/protecting-enterprise-systems-ai-threats
[14] https://www.cybersecuritydive.com/spons/enterprises-are-embracing-ai-but-can-they-secure-it/716362/
[15] https://lumenalta.com/insights/ai-limitations-what-artificial-intelligence-can-t-do
[16] https://syntetica.ai/blog/blog_article/ai-application-generators-transforming-software-development
[17] https://kissflow.com/faq/what-is-ai-application-generator-and-how-does-it-work
[18] https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/api-in-a-box-open-source-ai-application-generator-combined-with-terramaster-nas-easily-tackle-software-development-challenges-302393126.html
[19] https://www.planetcrust.com/the-future-of-sales-in-the-ai-enterprise/
[20] https://theninehertz.com/blog/generative-ai-applications
[21] https://www.planetcrust.com/four-challenges-low-code-platforms-face-2/
[22] https://www.galileo.ai/blog/disadvantages-open-source-llms
[23] https://aimagazine.com/top10/top-10-risks-of-ai
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[25] https://www.reddit.com/r/opensource/comments/mm0iv3/the_opensource_lowcode_platform_corteza_version/
[26] https://cybersecasia.net/newsletter/shadow-ai-open-source-genais-hidden-threats-to-enterprise-security/
[27] https://www.scalefocus.com/blog/6-limitations-of-artificial-intelligence-in-business-in-2025
[28] https://frostbrowntodd.com/managing-data-security-and-privacy-risks-in-enterprise-ai/
[29] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/when-should-your-company-cautious-ai-anovate-group-of-companies-c6sof
[30] https://aireapps.com/ai/the-challenge-of-building-a-business-with-aire-and-corteza/
[31] https://leaddev.com/technical-direction/be-careful-open-source-ai
[32] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtE4QlAKrDw
[33] https://www.orrick.com/en/Insights/2024/09/The-EU-AI-Act-Application-to-Open-Source-Projects
[34] https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbestechcouncil/2024/03/22/the-danger-of-unmanaged-ai-in-the-enterprise/
[35] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/generative-ai-end-road-low-codeno-code-platforms-sarvex-jatasra-tcxnc
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[39] https://devops.com/low-code-and-ai-friends-or-foes/
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[47] https://aireapps.com

 

Introduction

The enterprise computing landscape has undergone a dramatic evolution, creating integrated ecosystems where business and technology seamlessly converge. Global enterprise software spending has reached $1.25 trillion in 2025, representing a 14.2% increase from 2024, highlighting the critical importance of strategic technology investments. This report explores how modern Enterprise Computing Solutions are driving digital transformation through revolutionary technologies, empowering Business Technologists, and reshaping Enterprise Systems.

The Evolution of Enterprise Resource Systems

Enterprise Resource Systems (ERS) have evolved significantly from their traditional definitions, becoming comprehensive digital backbones that integrate, automate, and optimize all aspects of business operations. Modern Business Enterprise Software now leverages cutting-edge technologies to provide unprecedented levels of efficiency, intelligence, and adaptability.

Cloud-Native Architecture and Integration

The technological architecture of Enterprise Resource Systems in 2025 is characterized by cloud-native design, API-first development approaches, and modular components that can be assembled to meet specific business needs. This represents a significant departure from monolithic systems of previous generations, which often required extensive customization and created organizational dependencies on specific vendors.

Enterprise Systems now leverage microservices architectures that enable organizations to implement only the components they need while maintaining the ability to integrate with other systems through standardized interfaces. This approach aligns with broader Enterprise Business Architecture principles that emphasize flexibility, scalability, and interoperability across the technology landscape.

AI-Powered Enterprise Systems

Artificial intelligence has fundamentally transformed Enterprise Systems in 2025, shifting them from passive data management tools to proactive business partners. AI-powered enterprise resource systems have become one of the biggest trends of 2025, integrating predictive analytics, automated workflows, and real-time data insights that enhance decision-making capabilities and reduce human error.

An Enterprise Systems Group must develop strategies for evaluating and integrating emerging technologies while managing their complexity and security implications. These intelligent systems continuously analyze operational data, identify patterns, and suggest optimizations that human operators might miss, creating significant competitive advantages for organizations that effectively deploy them.

Revolutionary Technologies Reshaping Enterprise Computing Solutions

The enterprise computing landscape of 2025 is being transformed by several groundbreaking technologies that are redefining how businesses operate and compete. These Enterprise Products are not merely incremental improvements but represent fundamental shifts in technological capabilities.

Generative AI and AI Application Generators

Generative AI uses advanced neural networks and deep learning to create relevant, organic content from learned patterns. By 2025, GenAI systems feature contextual understanding, multimodal processing, and real-time adaptation, making them essential for content creation, product development, and decision-making within Business Software Solutions.

AI Application Generator platforms enable both technical and non-technical users to create sophisticated solutions. These platforms analyze large datasets with sophisticated algorithms to produce high-quality text, code, or imagery based on user input, dramatically accelerating development timelines. Vertex AI Agent Builder by Google Cloud exemplifies this technology, allowing users to design, deploy, and manage intelligent conversational AI and process automation agents using natural language.

Quantum Computing for Enterprise

Quantum computing has pushed the boundaries of big data management in enterprise environments, performing complex calculations much faster than traditional computing systems through processes of “superposition” and “entanglement”.

In 2025, cloud-based quantum platforms make it possible for enterprises to solve complex problems in life-like simulation and cryptography in minutes rather than years, particularly benefiting areas like financial modeling and order fulfillment. This technology transfer from theoretical physics to practical business applications represents one of the most significant advances in Enterprise Computing Solutions.

Edge Computing and IoT Integration

Edge computing has decentralized data processing by moving computation closer to data sources, while IoT creates a network of interconnected smart devices generating real-time data[1]. This architectural approach minimizes latency by processing data at or near its source, rather than sending it to centralized cloud servers.

In 2025, the integration of Business Software Solutions with edge computing enables real-time analytics and visualization at the network edge. This capability has transformed how enterprises manage distributed operations and respond to changing conditions across complex environments.

Empowering Business Technologists and Citizen Developers

The digital transformation landscape has created new roles and opportunities for individuals who bridge the gap between technology and business objectives. Business Technologists play a crucial role in driving innovation and adoption of Enterprise Computing Solutions.

Types of Business Technologists

Business technologists bridge the gap between IT and business units, driving digital transformation and migration from legacy systems by leveraging technology to achieve business goals. They possess a unique blend of technical expertise and business acumen, enabling them to understand complex technical concepts and translate them into practical business solutions.

Several key types of Business Technologists have emerged in 2025:

1. Data Scientists: These analysts transform raw data into valuable business insights by identifying patterns and creating predictive analytics models that help business users make data-driven decisions.

2. IT Consultants: These professionals bridge the gap between technology and strategy, working with companies to understand their challenges and goals, and suggesting appropriate technology plans.

3. Machine Learning Engineers: At the forefront of the AI revolution, these specialists create and implement algorithms that power AI applications, building intelligent systems that are changing industries.

Low-Code Platforms and Citizen Developers

Low-code platforms have revolutionized application development by empowering non-technical employees, known as Citizen Developers, to build applications without deep coding skills. These platforms provide user-friendly interfaces with drag-and-drop components, dramatically reducing the dependency on IT departments.

The ideal Low-Code Platforms for Citizen Developers feature:
– Small learning curves with intuitive interfaces
– Drag-and-drop application builders for component-based development
– Prebuilt templates that provide skeletal frameworks
– Point-and-click workflow building tools
– Easy multi-platform development and deployment capabilities

The process typically involves choosing the platform, identifying processes for automation, creating applications and workflows, evaluating the solutions, and finally deploying them enterprise-wide. This democratization of development is particularly valuable in organizations facing IT bottlenecks or seeking to accelerate digital transformation initiatives.

The Strategic Role of Enterprise Systems Groups

Enterprise Systems Groups serve as coordinating bodies for technology leadership within organizations, playing a vital role in digital transformation initiatives.

Technology Transfer and Innovation

Technology Transfer services play a crucial role in stimulating business growth by identifying, designing, and delivering the transfer of technology into new applications. Through business-to-business technology transfer, organizations can achieve revenue generation, risk reduction, and access to global networks of skills and knowledge.

The technology transfer process typically involves identifying applications for existing technology, prioritizing these against strategic and market factors, and designing propositions that can be tested in the market. BSC’s Technology Transfer Office, for example, helps to transfer knowledge and technology developed at their center to industry worldwide and promotes the use of HPC by local industry to increase competitiveness.

Coordinating Technology Leadership

Enterprise Systems Groups coordinate data governance and IT governance across organizations. Their primary objectives typically include identifying data domains, designating data trustees, coordinating data integrations, aligning data products with strategic plans, and setting standards for domain administration.

By managing the needs of leadership and decision-making across disparate data and IT systems, Enterprise Systems Groups ensure that technology investments support organizational objectives and provide maximum value.

Digital Transformation Models and Frameworks

Organizations embarking on digital transformation journeys can benefit from established models and frameworks that provide structure and guidance.

Types of Digital Transformation Models

Several types of digital transformation models have emerged to guide implementation:

1. Horizon-based models: Break initiatives into phases or “horizons,” each focusing on specific timeframes and objectives.

2. Capability maturity frameworks: Use stages of maturity to determine where a company should focus transformation efforts.

3. BCG’s Digital Transformation Framework: A three-tiered approach to create short-term capital and fund sustainable performance.

4. Altimeter’s Six Stages: A maturity model bringing companies from “business as usual” to “innovative and adaptive”.

5. The Agile Innovation Model: Uses five core principles to drive digital change in an agile manner.

6. McKinsey’s Six Building Blocks: Breaks developing digital capabilities into six components: strategy and innovation, customer decision journey, process automation, organization, technology, and data analytics.

The Importance of Business Architecture

Business Architecture serves as the critical blueprint that guides organizations through complex enterprise transformation processes. Just as a house can’t be built without a blueprint, successful enterprise transformation requires a well-defined Business Architecture that aligns business goals, technology, processes, and people.

In the context of Enterprise Resource Systems, Business Architecture provides a framework for ensuring that the ERP system complies with industry regulations and internal policies. It also supports effective governance by defining how processes should be executed within the system, while enabling continuous improvement by identifying areas where systems need to be updated or optimized.

The Future of AI Enterprise Solutions

The future of Enterprise Computing Solutions is being shaped by several key trends that will define the business technology landscape in the coming years.

AI at the Heart of Business Processes

By 2025, AI adoption has grown significantly, with 72% of organizations reporting AI implementation in at least one business function. Enterprise organizations are increasingly adopting AI agents to scale output and efficiency without increasing headcount. Chatbots and virtual assistants provide round-the-clock support, instantly addressing customer inquiries and resolving issues, leading to improved response times and overall customer satisfaction.

As AI and machine learning continue to advance, they are not replacing Business Technologists but rather enhancing their capabilities and expanding their roles. The most successful organizations are those that strategically integrate AI into their Enterprise Computing Solutions while developing the skills of their workforce to leverage these technologies effectively.

Customer Experience as a Priority

More than 80% of organizations now consider customer experience and support as growing business priorities. Digital transformation relies on modern customer experience technology to deliver seamless, personalized customer interactions in real-time across all channels.

Enterprise Systems now incorporate sophisticated customer relationship management capabilities, enabling organizations to build stronger connections with their clients and respond more effectively to changing market conditions. AI-powered analytics provide deep insights into customer behaviors and preferences, enabling highly personalized experiences.

Data-Driven Decision Making

The integration of data analytics into Enterprise Computing Solutions has transformed how organizations make decisions. Modern Enterprise Resource Systems collect and analyze vast amounts of data from across the organization, providing leaders with actionable insights that drive strategic decision-making.

Business Technologists play a crucial role in this process, using their understanding of both business objectives and technological capabilities to translate complex data into meaningful business intelligence. Data scientists, in particular, help organizations leverage advanced analytics to identify patterns, spot trends, and develop predictive models that enhance decision-making across all levels of the organization.

Conclusion

Enterprise Computing Solutions have become the backbone of digital transformation initiatives in 2025. By leveraging cloud-native architectures, AI-powered systems, and revolutionary technologies like quantum computing and edge processing, organizations can achieve unprecedented levels of efficiency, intelligence, and adaptability.

The rise of Business Technologists and Citizen Developers, empowered by Low-Code Platforms and AI Application Generators, has democratized technology development and accelerated innovation across the enterprise. Meanwhile, Enterprise Systems Groups play a crucial role in coordinating technology leadership and facilitating Technology Transfer, ensuring that digital transformation initiatives align with organizational objectives.

As we look beyond 2025, the continued evolution of AI Enterprise solutions promises even greater integration between business strategy and technological capability, further blurring the lines between technical and business roles and creating new possibilities for innovation in Enterprise Business Architecture, Enterprise Resource Systems, and Business Enterprise Software.

References:

[1] https://www.planetcrust.com/enterprise-computing-solutions-in-2025/
[2] https://cloud.google.com/products/agent-builder
[3] https://ileap.io/from-it-bottlenecks-to-business-agility-how-citizen-development-and-low-code-drive-enterprise-success/
[4] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-business-architecture-erp-implementation-fiona-dsouza-tdulf
[5] https://www.launchnotes.com/glossary/enterprise-product-in-product-management-and-operations
[6] https://www.bsc.es/es/discover-bsc/organisation/support-structure/technology-transfer
[7] https://www.planetcrust.com/exploring-business-technologist-types/
[8] https://www.nextiva.com/blog/enterprise-digital-transformation.html
[9] https://softwaremind.com/services/digital-transformation-services/
[10] https://www.happiestminds.com/services/digital-enterprise-integration/
[11] https://www.manageengine.com/appcreator/application-development-articles/citizen-developer-low-code.html
[12] https://www.capstera.com/business-architecture-is-the-blueprint-for-enterprise-transformation/
[13] https://www.planetcrust.com/enterprise-systems-group-technology-stewardship/
[14] https://whatfix.com/blog/digital-transformation-models/
[15] https://www.enterprisesystems.co.uk
[16] https://solidtecsystems.com/transforming-enterprises-a-deep-dive-into-the-world-of-enterprise-computing-solutions/
[17] https://flatlogic.com/generator
[18] https://guidehouse.com/insights/advanced-solutions/2024/citizen-developers-high-impact-or-hyperbole
[19] https://www.spinnakersupport.com/blog/2024/08/02/erp-architecture/
[20] https://eoloid.com/it-services/enterprise-systems-group/
[21] https://researchinsight.org/tech-transfer%2Finnovation
[22] https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/02/06/1111007/reframing-digital-transformation-through-the-lens-of-generative-ai/
[23] https://www.planetcrust.com/what-are-low-code-enterprise-computing-solutions/
[24] https://aireapps.com
[25] https://www.planetcrust.com/empowering-citizen-developers-for-business-success/
[26] https://wezom.com/blog/what-is-erp-system-architecture
[27] https://www.planetcrust.com/enterprise-systems-group-enhance-manufacturing/
[28] https://www.tno.nl/en/collaboration/tech-transfer/
[29] https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/ai-digital-transformation
[30] https://devsu.com/blog/5-key-digital-transformation-strategies-for-software-companies
[31] https://www.ptc.com/en/products/windchill/enterprise-systems-integration
[32] https://kissflow.com/citizen-development/how-low-code-and-citizen-development-simplify-app-development/
[33] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/introducing-enterprise-transformation-architecture-future-parrish-ywlbe
[34] https://brainhub.eu/library/digital-transformation-technologies
[35] https://www.3blmedia.com/news/caterpillar-enterprise-system-group-review
[36] https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbestechcouncil/2025/03/07/ai-agents-in-2025-transforming-business-redefining-leadership-and-accelerating-digital-transformation/
[37] https://eleks.com/types-of-software-development/the-role-of-enterprise-software-in-digital-transformation/
[38] https://www.aspiresys.com/digital-enterprise-integration
[39] https://rockship.co/blogs/The-Rise-of-Low-Code:-How-Citizen-Developers-Are-Changing-the-Game-e4f826599c7f412e811b8fd235f0e00f

Introduction

Europe stands at a crucial crossroads in AI adoption, with open-source technologies emerging as potential solutions to meet enterprise needs while aligning with European values and regulatory frameworks. The intersection of open-source development with Enterprise Systems presents both opportunities and challenges for European businesses seeking to implement AI technologies. This analysis examines whether open-source can truly fulfill Europe’s AI Enterprise requirements across various dimensions.

Europe’s Open-Source AI Landscape

Europe possesses unique advantages in the open-source AI ecosystem that position it to develop solutions aligned with its specific requirements. European developers are already leaders in the open-source AI community, building on the region’s robust ecosystem of AI talent and history of open innovation. Many popular model creators on Hugging Face Hub originate from Europe, and startups like Mistral AI, Aleph Alpha, and Black Forest Labs are gaining ground in AI leaderboards.

The European Commission has strengthened collaboration across the EU by launching the EU Open Source Solutions Catalogue, which currently hosts over 640 solutions encompassing both complete applications and individual building blocks. This central platform enhances visibility, sharing, and reuse of open-source software solutions beneficial to public sector administrations, with hundreds of additional repositories planned for inclusion by the end of 2025.

Europe’s approach to AI can deliver global benefits by leveraging core values and strengths in transparency, privacy, and responsible development. While some models like DeepSeek have shown limitations in discussing topics censored in certain countries, Europe has the opportunity to develop AI that protects and promotes democratic values and fundamental rights. European companies can focus on solving real-world problems rather than competing to build foundation models that chase artificial general intelligence.

Enterprise Systems and Open-Source Integration

Enterprise Systems form the backbone of business operations, and open-source alternatives are increasingly viable for organizations seeking flexibility and cost-effectiveness. Open-source Business Enterprise Software spans various needs, from Enterprise Resource Systems like Odoo and ERPNext to CRM solutions such as Corteza and Vtiger.

The integration of open-source software with existing Enterprise Systems offers numerous benefits, including:

1. Cost savings: By eliminating expensive licensing fees while leveraging high-quality, community-supported technology
2. Flexibility and customization: Organizations can modify solutions according to their specific needs, an advantage often lacking in proprietary systems
3. Improved interoperability: Open-source solutions support a wide range of open standards and APIs, making integration with existing systems more feasible
4. Enhanced security and transparency: Organizations can inspect and audit source code for vulnerabilities, ensuring greater security and compliance

For Enterprise Computing Solutions, platforms like OpenNebula demonstrate how open-source can unify public cloud simplicity with private cloud performance, security, and control. Such platforms provide a unified management approach for IT infrastructure and applications, bringing flexibility, scalability, and vendor independence to support growing developer needs.

Low-Code Platforms and AI Application Generators

Low-Code Platforms have revolutionized application development by offering accessible, streamlined approaches that don’t heavily rely on developer resources. These platforms provide crucial benefits for enterprise AI adoption:

1. Reduced development time and costs: Low-code platforms speed up development by minimizing the need for extensive coding
2. Scalability and flexibility: Organizations can easily adjust features and add capacity as business needs evolve
3. Enhanced collaboration: These platforms allow non-technical team members to participate in app development

AI Application Generators push these capabilities further, with solutions like Flatlogic building scalable, enterprise-grade software supporting complex business logic, workflows, and automation using plain English. This approach generates production-ready web apps with frontend, backend, database, authentication, and roles, instantly deployed to the cloud. Such technologies are particularly valuable for startups and businesses building scalable Business Software Solutions, including SaaS, CRM, and data management applications.

Citizen Developers and Business Technologists

The democratization of technology development has given rise to Citizen Developers – nontechnical employees who develop apps, configure automations, and build data analyses that drive value across enterprises. This trend is accelerating because technology is becoming more human-oriented and increasingly based on natural language rather than complex programming languages.

Business Technologists bridge the gap between IT and business units, driving digital transformation by leveraging technology to achieve business goals. They possess a unique blend of technical expertise and business acumen, enabling them to translate complex technical concepts into practical business solutions.

Different Types of Technologists are emerging in the AI space:

1. Data scientists: Find patterns and create predictive analytics models that help business users make data-driven decisions
2. IT consultants: Bridge technology and strategy by understanding business challenges and suggesting optimal technology plans
3. Machine learning engineers: Create algorithms that power AI applications, building intelligent systems transforming industries

These roles are essential for successful AI Enterprise implementation, as they help connect technological capabilities with business objectives and user needs.

Enterprise Business Architecture and Open-Source

Enterprise Business Architecture benefits substantially from open-source tools that provide comprehensive understanding of organizational structures and processes. Solutions like Essential Open Source EA Tool enable visualization of how people, functions, processes, IT applications, data, and infrastructure interact across the business.

This data-driven approach to enterprise architecture helps organizations:

1. Visualize interactions across the business ecosystem
2. Identify opportunities for improvement
3. Assess the impact of planned changes
4. Support planning, decision-making, and communication

When integrating open-source solutions into Enterprise Business Architecture, organizations must carefully assess compatibility, security, and support requirements. By following best practices, leveraging open APIs, and engaging with the open-source community, enterprises can successfully harness open-source technology while maintaining operational efficiency.

Technology Transfer in Open-Source AI

Technology Transfer plays a crucial role in AI adoption, involving the creation of information systems tools within one context and their implementation in another. The mutual contingency of skills and tools emerges as a major contextual factor for successful transfer and implementation.

In the open-source AI context, Technology Transfer benefits from:

1. The transparency of code and methodologies
2. Community knowledge sharing through forums and documentation
3. Collaborative development that reduces duplication of effort

AI tools can help accelerate licensing deals, identify the right industry partners, and market innovations more effectively. This application of AI to the Technology Transfer process itself represents a significant opportunity for improving how innovations move from research to practical implementation.

The Role of Enterprise Systems Groups in AI Adoption

Enterprise Systems Groups within organizations face the challenge of integrating new AI capabilities with existing infrastructure while maintaining security, compliance, and performance. Open-source solutions can provide these groups with:

1. Greater control over implementation and customization
2. Reduced vendor lock-in
3. More transparent security practices
4. Community-supported troubleshooting and improvements

However, Enterprise Systems Groups must also address potential challenges, including:

1. Ensuring adequate support for mission-critical applications
2. Managing integration complexity with legacy systems
3. Maintaining security with transparent but potentially vulnerable code
4. Building internal expertise to maintain and extend open-source solutions

Enterprise Products in the Open-Source Ecosystem

The open-source ecosystem offers a growing range of Enterprise Products that compete with proprietary solutions. Red Hat exemplifies this trend as a leading provider of enterprise open-source software solutions, with offerings including Red Hat AI that allows users to tune generative AI models with their own data while lowering cost and complexity.

Corteza represents another example as an open-source low-code platform designed as an alternative to Salesforce, featuring custom object creation, workflows, automation, and analytics capabilities. Its open-source nature (Apache v2.0 license) ensures transparency, control, and freedom from vendor lock-in[14].

These Enterprise Products demonstrate how open-source can provide comprehensive solutions for AI Enterprise needs while offering advantages in flexibility, customization, and cost-effectiveness.

Conclusion

Open-source technologies show significant potential to fulfill Europe’s AI Enterprise requirements, particularly in areas where alignment with European values of transparency, privacy, and responsible development is paramount. The combination of Europe’s strong talent in the open-source AI community, supportive initiatives like the EU OSS Catalogue, and the growing ecosystem of enterprise-ready open-source solutions creates a favorable environment for leveraging open-source in enterprise AI deployment.

The integration of Low-Code Platforms and AI Application Generators with open-source approaches enables faster innovation while accommodating the rise of Citizen Developers and Business Technologists. This democratization of technology development allows organizations to tap into broader talent pools and domain expertise when implementing AI solutions.

For successful implementation, organizations must carefully evaluate how open-source solutions align with their Enterprise Business Architecture and existing Enterprise Systems. They should also consider how Technology Transfer methodologies can facilitate successful adoption while maintaining security, compliance, and performance.

By focusing on specialized models and applications that address specific European needs and regulatory requirements, businesses can develop competitive advantages while contributing to a more transparent, ethical, and innovative AI landscape. The open-source approach allows European enterprises to maintain sovereignty over their AI infrastructure while benefiting from global innovation, potentially positioning Europe as a leader in ethical, practical AI Enterprise solutions.

References:

[1] https://linuxfoundation.eu/newsroom/open-source-ai-the-deepseek-takeaway-for-europe?hsLang=en
[2] https://flatlogic.com/generator
[3] https://www.blaze.tech/post/low-code-platforms
[4] https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/why-companies-are-turning-to-citizen-developers
[5] https://aisel.aisnet.org/amcis2000/210/
[6] https://bastakiss.com/blog/open-source-4/integrating-open-source-with-existing-enterprise-systems-520
[7] https://opennebula.io
[8] https://enterprise-architecture.org/products/essential-open-source/
[9] https://www.semtech.com/applications/infrastructure
[10] https://sourceforge.net/directory/business/
[11] https://interoperable-europe.ec.europa.eu/interoperable-europe/news/eu-open-source-solutions-catalogue-now-live
[12] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VtE4QlAKrDw
[13] https://www.planetcrust.com/exploring-business-technologist-types/
[14] https://cortezaproject.org
[15] https://www.redhat.com/en
[16] https://techblog.finalist.nl/blog/europes-open-source-ai-pioneers-10-groups-shaping-llms-under-eu-ai-act
[17] https://c3.ai/c3-agentic-ai-platform/
[18] https://www.appsmith.com/blog/enterprise-low-code-development
[19] https://www.ciodive.com/news/citizen-developers-business-technologist-AI/716342/
[20] https://www.unit4.com/blog/merging-legacy-systems-modern-technology
[21] https://www.openlogic.com/resources/open-source-for-enterprise
[22] https://www.suse.com
[23] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/transforming-enterprise-architecture-open-source-christian-h%C3%BCttermann-6kmff
[24] https://datos.gob.es/en/noticia/openeurollm-european-open-source-ai-language-models-project
[25] https://www.stack-ai.com
[26] https://www.oracle.com/es/application-development/low-code/
[27] https://www.appbuilder.dev/blog/empowering-citizen-developers
[28] https://thinkecs.com
[29] https://www.dolibarr.org
[30] https://wellfound.com/startups/l/europe/open-source
[31] https://lesi.org/article-of-the-month/will-artificial-intelligence-shape-the-future-of-technology-transfer-a-guide-for-licensing-professionals/
[32] https://www.lenovo.com/us/en/glossary/ai-technicians/
[33] https://skyve.org
[34] https://www.opentext.com/products/listing
[35] https://www.entrust.com/partners/directory/arrow-ecs-nl
[36] https://www.datamation.com/open-source/35-top-open-source-companies/
[37] https://opensource.com/tools/enterprise-resource-planning
[38] https://www.techtransfer.nih.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Ferguson%20-%20les%20Nouvelles%20Vol%20LIX%20no%201%20pp%201-11%20(March%202024)%5B2%5D.pdf

Introduction

As we navigate through 2025, the intersection of Enterprise Systems Groups and technology stewardship has become increasingly significant in driving organizational success. This comprehensive analysis explores how modern enterprises are leveraging advanced technologies, strategic frameworks, and innovative approaches to optimize their technological infrastructure while ensuring responsible stewardship of resources and capabilities.

The Evolution of Enterprise Systems and Technology Stewardship

Enterprise Systems have evolved from traditional infrastructure components to comprehensive digital backbones that integrate, automate, and optimize all aspects of business operations. In 2025, these systems have transcended conventional boundaries, creating ecosystems where business and technology seamlessly converge. Simultaneously, technology stewardship has emerged as a critical responsibility for organizations seeking to balance innovation with sustainability and ethical considerations.

The Enterprise Systems Group, a coordinating body within organizations, plays a pivotal role in managing leadership within federated technological environments. As exemplified by the Enterprise Systems Leadership Group at KU, these entities manage “the needs of leadership and decision-making across disparate data and IT systems”. Their primary objectives typically include identifying data domains, designating trustees, coordinating data integrations, and aligning data products with strategic plans.

Enterprise System Evolution in 2025

Enterprise Systems in 2025 have undergone significant transformation, characterized by unprecedented integration of artificial intelligence, decentralized development approaches, and sustainable computing practices. With global enterprise software spending reaching $1.25 trillion in 2025 (a 14.2% increase from 2024), strategic technology investments have become more critical than ever.

Business Enterprise Software, which refers to applications specifically designed to support organizational operations at an enterprise scale, forms the technological foundation of modern Enterprise Systems. These applications typically address specific business functions such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and Supply Chain Management (SCM).

Enterprise Resource Systems and Modern Computing Solutions

Cloud-Native Architecture and Integration

The technological architecture of Enterprise Resource Systems (ERS) in 2025 is characterized by cloud-native design, API-first development approaches, and modular components that can be assembled to meet specific business needs. This represents a significant departure from the monolithic systems of previous generations, which often required extensive customization and created organizational dependencies on specific vendors.

Modern Enterprise Systems leverage microservices architectures that enable organizations to implement only the components they need while maintaining the ability to integrate with other systems through standardized interfaces. This approach aligns with broader Enterprise Business Architecture principles that emphasize flexibility, scalability, and interoperability across the technology landscape.

AI-Powered Enterprise Computing Solutions

Artificial intelligence has fundamentally transformed Enterprise Systems in 2025, shifting them from passive data management tools to proactive business partners. AI-powered enterprise resource systems have become one of the biggest trends of 2025, integrating predictive analytics, automated workflows, and real-time data insights that enhance decision-making capabilities and reduce human error.

Enterprise Computing Solutions now leverage advanced technologies including:

1. Generative AI systems with contextual understanding and multi-modal processing, revolutionizing content creation, product development, and decision-making within Business Software Solutions

2. Quantum computing platforms that solve complex problems in financial modeling and order fulfillment in minutes rather than years

3. Edge computing integration with IoT devices that enables real-time analytics and visualization at the network edge

4. Hyperautomation platforms providing end-to-end automation with built-in analytics, cutting operational costs while achieving near-perfect process accuracy

Low-Code Platforms and the Rise of Citizen Developers

The Democratization of Development

Low-code platforms have revolutionized application development by offering an accessible, streamlined way to develop custom applications without relying heavily on developer resources. These platforms enable teams to launch solutions faster, adapt to growth, and involve more voices in development — all with less overhead.

Key benefits that make low-code platforms valuable for businesses include:

1. Reduced development time and costs: Low-code platforms speed up development by minimizing the need for extensive coding, lowering costs and shortening time-to-market

2. Scalability and flexibility: These platforms make it easy to scale applications as businesses grow, allowing adjustments to features and capacity without full redevelopment

3. Enhanced collaboration and accessibility: Low-code platforms allow non-technical team members to participate in app development, fostering collaboration across departments

Citizen Developers: Transforming Business Operations

Citizen developers – business users who build new applications or modify existing ones without needing help from IT – have become increasingly important in 2025. Rather than simply providing tactical support when professional developers are unavailable, empowered citizen developers make significant impacts on business through their development efforts.

The benefits of citizen development include:

– Improved business efficiency: With access to intuitive, self-service tools, citizen developers can independently build solutions to solve individual, team, or departmental process challenges[4]

– IT democratization: As the workforce becomes increasingly tech-savvy, citizen developers accelerate business-driven hyper-automation

– Focus on productivity gains: Citizen developers typically address use cases with lower complexity, such as building web forms, automating workflows, connecting data across applications, and creating reports and visualizations

AI Application Generators and Enterprise Business Architecture

Revolutionizing Application Development

AI App Generators have transformed how enterprises develop software in 2025. These sophisticated platforms enable both technical and non-technical users to create powerful applications using artificial intelligence. As exemplified by solutions like Aire, users can “build custom web apps to manage any type of business in minutes with zero coding or app-building experience required”.

These AI-driven platforms analyze large datasets with sophisticated algorithms to produce high-quality code based on user input, dramatically accelerating development timelines and reducing the technical barriers to application creation.

Enterprise Business Architecture: The Foundation for Technology Integration

Enterprise Business Architecture provides the framework for understanding how different systems and applications fit together to support overall business objectives. This discipline encompasses four primary domains that work together to create a comprehensive framework for organizational structure and operations:

1. Business Architecture: Focuses on designing and optimizing business operations, including strategy formulation, process management, and capability development

2. Information Architecture: Deals with how data and information flow throughout the organization, ensuring the right information is available to the right people at the right time

3. Application Architecture: Manages the portfolio of applications and their interactions to support business processes

4. Technology Architecture: Defines the hardware, software, and network infrastructure required to support applications and information systems

Implementing Enterprise Business Architecture requires a structured approach that balances comprehensive planning with practical execution. The process typically begins with business analysis, mapping the current state, developing a target state architecture, and creating a transition plan.

Business Technologists: Bridging IT and Business

Understanding the Role of Business Technologists

Business technologists bridge the gap between IT and business units, driving digital transformation and migration from legacy systems by leveraging technology to achieve business goals. They possess a unique blend of technical expertise and business acumen, enabling them to understand complex technical concepts and translate them into practical business solutions.

In today’s fast-changing digital world, business technologists connect IT and business units, often using no-code or low-code platforms. They understand technical ideas and business goals well, helping create and use innovative solutions through enterprise applications.

Types of Technologists in Modern Enterprises

The diverse landscape of business technology has given rise to specialized roles, each targeting specific areas of expertise:

1. Data Scientists: These analysts of the business world possess deep knowledge of data analytics and statistical methods, enabling them to extract valuable insights from large datasets. They identify patterns, spot trends, and create predictive analytics models that inform data-driven decision-making.

2. IT Consultants: Serving as advisors in business technology, IT consultants work with companies to understand their challenges and goals. Their expertise spans multiple areas, including enterprise resource planning systems, customer relationship management software, and cloud solutions[8].

3. Cybersecurity Specialists: These professionals focus on protecting enterprise systems and data from threats, implementing security measures, and developing response plans for potential breaches.

4. Cloud Architects: Specialists in designing and implementing cloud-based infrastructure that supports enterprise applications and services.

Each of these roles contributes to the technology ecosystem within organizations, helping to align technology investments with business objectives and driving digital transformation initiatives.

Technology Transfer and Enterprise Systems Groups

Facilitating Innovation Through Technology Transfer

Technology transfer services play a vital role in stimulating business growth by identifying, designing, and delivering the transfer of technology into new applications. Through business-to-business technology transfer, organizations can achieve:

1. Revenue generation: Enabling sustainable growth through innovative commercialization of existing technologies into new applications

2. Risk reduction: Building a diversified portfolio of products, services, and models across markets to reduce exposure to risk

3. Access to skills and knowledge: Providing access to global networks of skills and knowledge, opening up new business communities and opportunities for growth

The technology transfer process typically involves identifying applications for existing technology, prioritizing these against strategic and market factors, and designing propositions that can be tested in the market. This results in a “Business Plan in a Box” that details everything organizations need to successfully engage with new communities and deliver their technology into new applications.

The Strategic Role of Enterprise Systems Groups

Enterprise Systems Groups serve as coordinating bodies for technology leadership within organizations. As demonstrated by the Enterprise Systems Leadership Group at KU, these entities manage and coordinate leadership within federated technological and data environments.

Their primary objectives typically include:

– Identifying data domains and enterprise data systems
– Designating data trustees to data domains
– Coordinating data integrations
– Aligning data products with strategic plans
– Setting standards for domain administration, documentation, quality, and data literacy
– Discussing issues of IT governance and advancing solutions

By coordinating data governance and IT governance in a singular event, Enterprise Systems Groups help manage the needs of leadership and decision-making across disparate data and IT systems.

Preparing for the Future: Strategic Planning for Enterprise Systems

Aspiration and Importance

Forward-thinking organizations prioritize staff development and infrastructure modernization to drive excellence and innovation. Commitment to investing in state-of-the-art technologies, equipping teams with ongoing training, and fostering cultures of innovation positions organizations to meet evolving client needs today and into the future.

As noted in the 2025 Enterprise Systems Areas report, “The rapidly evolving world of technology demands continuous adaptation. To better serve our clients and keep our staff engaged, ES must stay at the forefront of emerging IT trends and address the growing expectations of our stakeholders”.

Strategic Framework for Technology Stewardship

Effective technology stewardship requires a comprehensive framework that helps leaders navigate complexity and make strategic decisions in a world of rapid change. Key components of such a framework include:

1. Strategic Horizon Scanning: Identifying which emerging technologies and trends will directly impact organizational growth and evolution in the next 12-36 months

2. Organizational Readiness: Evaluating current capabilities against future requirements, including culture, talent, and processes[11]

3. Risk & Disruption Mapping: Plotting potential disruptions from both expected and unlikely sources, focusing on how technological convergence could create unexpected competitive threats or market opportunities

4. Action Planning: Transforming insights into executable strategies and creating dynamic response frameworks that allow organizations to pivot quickly as technological changes accelerate or decelerate

Organizations are advised to embed foresight into strategy by regularly assessing tech disruptions and aligning long-term vision with emerging trends. This includes requiring tech literacy at board level, allocating capital for innovation, integrating scenario planning into annual planning, and monitoring weak signals to anticipate disruptions early.

Conclusion: The Future of Enterprise Systems and Technology Stewardship

As we progress through 2025, the relationship between Enterprise Systems Groups and technology stewardship continues to evolve. The convergence of AI-powered enterprise systems, low-code platforms enabling citizen developers, and specialized business technologists is reshaping how organizations approach technology management and governance.

Effective technology stewardship requires a balance between innovation and responsibility. Organizations must leverage emerging technologies like AI Application Generators and Enterprise Computing Solutions while ensuring alignment with strategic objectives, ethical considerations, and sustainability goals.

Enterprise Systems Groups will continue to play a crucial role in coordinating technology leadership and governance, ensuring that Enterprise Business Architecture evolves to support changing business needs. By embracing comprehensive frameworks for technology stewardship and strategic planning, organizations can navigate the complex technology landscape of 2025 and beyond, turning technological disruption into competitive advantage.

The future belongs to organizations that can successfully integrate advanced Enterprise Products and Business Software Solutions with thoughtful technology stewardship practices, creating sustainable value while managing the rapid pace of technological change.

References:

[1] https://www.resultsgroup.com/techstrategy-enterprisesystems
[2] https://aireapps.com
[3] https://www.blaze.tech/post/low-code-platforms
[4] https://www.cio.com/article/646508/empowering-citizen-developers-for-real-business-impact.html
[5] https://www.planetcrust.com/beginners-guide-to-enterprise-business-architecture/
[6] https://www.planetcrust.com/enterprise-computing-solutions-in-2025/
[7] https://www.multiply-technology.com/what-we-do/
[8] https://www.planetcrust.com/exploring-business-technologist-types/
[9] https://updates.maanch.com/2025/01/2025-stewardship-playbook-navigating-esg-engagement-unlocking-opportunities-and-mitigating-risks/
[10] https://iu.pressbooks.pub/es2025aof/chapter/preparing-for-the-future/
[11] https://ftsg.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/FTSG_2025_TR_FINAL_LINKED.pdf
[12] https://aire.ku.edu/data-governance/ESLG
[13] https://www.trinetix.com/en-fr/insights/5-enterprise-technology-trends-reinventing-operations-in-2025
[14] https://guidehouse.com/-/media/new-library/services/digital-and-technology/documents/2023/gh_cr-107_slipsheet_data-stewardship_062323.pdf
[15] https://scale.com
[16] https://synodus.com/blog/low-code/enterprise-low-code-platform/
[17] https://mitsloan.mit.edu/ideas-made-to-matter/why-companies-are-turning-to-citizen-developers
[18] https://www.digital-adoption.com/enterprise-business-architecture/
[19] https://prowessconsulting.com/industries/enterprise-computing/
[20] https://www.infoedglobal.com/products/technology-transfer/
[21] https://www.techtarget.com/searchenterpriseai/Ultimate-guide-to-artificial-intelligence-in-the-enterprise
[22] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/elevating-data-stewardship-actionable-best-practices-innovative-bass-tqzme
[23] https://www.stack-ai.com
[24] https://www.gartner.com/reviews/market/enterprise-low-code-application-platform
[25] https://www.ciodive.com/news/citizen-developers-business-technologist-AI/716342/
[26] https://insights.issgovernance.com/posts/the-latest-in-esg-and-stewardship-regulation-march-2025/
[27] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/top-10-enterprise-technology-trends-2025-liveplexplatform-hzvlc
[28] https://insights.issgovernance.com/posts/the-latest-in-esg-and-stewardship-regulation-february-2025esg-financial-regulation-bulletinfebruary-2025/
[29] https://www.esgdive.com/news/google-announces-four-sustainability-partnerships-water-stewardship/743743/